Integrated Production Systems and Climate Change – FAO

“Integrated systems can play a critical role in mitigating greenhouse gases from agriculture, as their emission intensities are typically lower than the sum of those from specialized systems…In Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS), emissions from disposal of crop residues and by-products can be avoided if they are fed to animals, as can the emissions associated with the production of alternative feed or forages. Emissions from manure storage can also be reduced if the manure is properly applied to crop fields. Planting trees and also sequester carbon sequestration in biomass and the soil, which can also partially or entirely offset greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants.”